iko
locative copular form
is there; is at a general location.
In Standard Swahili, iko agrees with a class 9 or class 4 subject. Other subjects use forms such as yuko, wako, kiko, viko, ziko, niko, or tuko.
In informal Kenyan and other mainland speech, you may also hear iko used more broadly for “is” or “is in a state.” Iko na can mean “has” or “have”; Standard Swahili normally uses a possessive form that agrees with its subject.
More meanings
- 02regional locative copula
is; is located; is in a state.
Broader informal mainland use, especially common in Kenya. Standard Swahili normally changes the agreement form to match the subject.
- 03regional possessive construction
has; have, in the construction iko na.
Informal Kenyan and other mainland usage. Standard Swahili normally uses a possessive form that agrees with its subject, such as ina for a class 9 noun.
Origins
Iko begins with a tiny piece of agreement. The i- points back to a class 9 or class 4 noun, while -ko places it somewhere in a general “there” or “around” sense. Change the subject and the opening changes too: niko, yuko, wako, ziko. In Kenya, iko also does wider work. Mainland varieties have long used it beyond the Standard agreement pattern, including yeye iko tayari for “he or she is ready” and yeye iko na pesa for “he or she has money.” That broader use belongs to real conversation alongside the matching forms taught in Standard Swahili.
Sources5
Lutz Marten, Structure and interpretation in Swahili existential constructions (Rivista di Linguistica, 2013), 25(1), table 3, 45–73.
Analyzes iko as the class 9 agreement marker i- followed by the locative copula -ko.
Ursula Drolc, Asili ya Matumizi ya Iko katika Kiswahili cha Bara (Swahili Forum, 2004), 11, 171–177.
Documents broader mainland iko for location, predication, and possession, including yeye iko tayari and yeye iko na pesa.
Donovan McGrath and Lutz Marten, Colloquial Swahili (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), 138–140.
Explains the learner-facing -po, -ko, and -mo location contrast and gives haiko as the N-class negative locative form.
John H. McWhorter, From Focus Marker to Copula in Swahili (Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society, 1994), 20, 64.
Distinguishes concorded urban stative use from invariant pidgin use and attests yeye iko tayari.
Edward Steere, A Handbook of the Swahili Language as Spoken at Zanzibar (1884), 319.
Records iko with the meaning “there is” or “it is there.”
Examples
Stesheni iko Pugu Road.
The station is on Pugu Road.
Yeye iko tayari.
He or she is ready.
Yeye iko na pesa.
He or she has money.
Ofisi iko wazi.
The office is open.
Basi iko nje.
The bus is outside.
Pasipoti iko salama.
The passport is safe.
Hoteli iko upande wa kushoto.
The hotel is on the left.
Tiketi iko kwenye mfuko.
The ticket is in the bag.
Nyumba iko hapa.
The house is here.
